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The first volume tells the story of the first horse-drawn carriages and moves forward to an era in which more than 95% of all cargo was transported on motorized trucks. The history totals 1,500 pages and is divided into three volumes. Jørgen Burchardt, one of the founding members of T2M, International Association for the History of Transport, Traffic & Mobility, has written a book on road transport development. Published online ahead of print June18, 2020:e1–e7. Controversy over these laws, particularly over whether they should apply universally or only to children, raised public health ethics concerns that persist in contemporary debates over bicycle helmet policies. National injury surveillance systems and a growing body of medical literature on bicycle-related injuries motivated a number of physicians, cyclists, children, and other community members to advocate helmet laws, which they argued would save lives. Bicycle safety advocates and researchers alike were particularly troubled by head injuries.
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As cycling became increasingly popular in the 1970s and 1980s because of a variety of historical trends, from improved cycle technology to growing environmental consciousness, cycling-related injuries also increased. Localities began to enact such laws in the early 1990s, having experimented with helmet laws for motorcycles previously. This article examines the origins and context of mandatory bicycle helmet laws in the United States. A review of the conditions prevailing during this period and the stages of development of the sociotechnical systems in which each of the alternative automotive technologies was embedded helps us identify the aspiration for touring as the key factor fixing the path for the technological development of the automobile from that point on. A close reexamining of the history allows us to identify the years 1900-1904 as the period during which the automobile’s technological path was determined. Although a large number of studies have examined the history of the automobile with a view to determining the reasons for the emergence of the internal combustion engine as the dominant technology for the car engine (especially its choice over the electric motor), no consensus has emerged of what the critical factors were.
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However, the internal combustion engine achieved this status instead. At that time, it appeared that the electric motor was poised to become the dominant automotive technology. Thus, the early period of automobile development offers fertile ground for the study of technological path choice. In 1900, in the United States and around the world, each of these powered a roughly equal number of automobiles. Results from this study may also be useful for researchers who are researching bicycle parking at other universities, and in countries where cycling culture is still developing such as the United States.Īt the end of the 19th-century three technologies had emerged as sources of motive power for the automobile: steam, internal combustion, and electric motors. This study established a relationship between bicycle rack type and condition grade, determined that bicycle theft most densely occurs in campus residential neighborhoods, and found that bicycle parking use decreases as the seasons change. By using rack conditioning assessments, bicycle theft density analysis, bicycle parking counts and a formative stakeholder survey of the bicycle parking at Western Michigan University’s campus, recommendations were able to be created for campus officials for use in their planning efforts. One aspect of bicycle transportation that remains underexplored within the United States and on university campuses, is bicycle parking. A popular mode of sustainable transportation is the bicycle, which is frequently used by college students. Sustainable transportation planning focuses on addressing the needs of current users, without jeopardizing the needs of future users (Black 1997, Richardson 1999, Balsas 2003).